BACKGROUND: Vagina like all other mucosal organs owns its especial bacterial/microbial flora. Though may be pathogen in other circumstances, members of vaginal normal flora do not cause disease on healthy vaginal mucosa. In this study, we tried to determine the relationship between microscopic findings on Methenamine silver stained cervicovaginal smears and clinical symptoms.METHODS: A total of 389 cervicovaginal smears were examined cytologically from April to August 2005, among which 103 satisfactory smears of patients who were normally menstruating were subsequently selected. The originally Papanicolaou– stained smears were stained with Methenamine silver method. The cervicovaginal flora in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients was classified into four groups. The relationship between the type of genital flora and the presence of Candida or Actinomyces spp was also determined. Data were analyzed with SPSS software using Chi–square test.RESULTS: In 103 evaluated patients, 46 (44.7%) were symptomatic and the rest were asymptomatic. The most prevalent genital microbial flora in both symptomatic (21.7%) and asymptomatic (37.9%) patients was type II (Lactobacilli). Microbial frequency differences were significant for types II (P=0.034) and III (P=0.039) in both groups. Coexistence of microbial flora of type I (P = 0.02) and type IV (P=0.033) with Candida was statistically significant. Coexistence of all types of microbial flora with Actinomyces was not proved significant.CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic women, except those with potential pathogens, tend to have Lactobacillus flora. Therefore, it is advisable that all Lactobacilli types be investigated through microbiological methods in symptomatic patients. In silver stained slides, there was a clear relationship between the type of vaginal microbial flora and the presence of Candida spp.

Backgroud and Aim: microleakge is one of the most common cause of failure in restorative dentistry in this study the microleakge of filtek p90, filtek p60 was evaluated and compared. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, on 48 premolar teeth standardized class II MOD preparations were made cervical margin of mesial preparation were 1mm above the CEJ and 1 mm and the distal preparation were 1 mm below the CEJ Samples divided in to 3 groups of sixteen teeth. A group: teeth were filled with filtek silorane (3M ESPE, USA) and silorane system adhesive self-etch primer and bond. B: teeth were filled with filtek silorane and Adper single bond plus. C: sixteen teeth were filled with filtek p60 and Adper single bond plus. After AgNO3 dye opplicaiton microleakage were evaluated by stereomicroscope. data were statistically analyzed by kurskal-wallis and Wilcoxon. the level of 0. 05 considered significant. Results: The most enamel microleakage was related to C and lowest enamel microleakge was shown in A group. The most dentin microleakage was related to B and the lowest dentin microleakge was shown in A group. Microleakage was significantly different between A, with B and C (P‹ 0. 05) dentin microleakage was not significant difference between B and C. Conclusion: Type of composite and bonding effect to microleakage, the lowest microleakage was gingival margine irrespective of the location of the margine related to group A.

Background and Objective: Rotaviruses are the members of the Reoviridae family containing doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) genome which are the main cause of gastroinentritis particularly in children less than three years. This study was designed to evaluate the detection of rotavirus genome by new silver staining method using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).Method: In this descriptive study, the samples were collected from infected MA-104 cell culture and the RNA electrophoresis was performed in 10% polyacrylamide slab gels after RNA extraction.Results: According to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sensitive staining analysis, rotavirus RNA segments were divided into 4 groups and single-nucleotides differences were clearly detected rapidly.Conclusion: New silver staining method using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has the capacity to detect the rotavirus electeropherotype within a few minutes even in small DNA/RNA pieces up to 7 picograms.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common malignancies in oral cavity. Hence, presenting methods for early diagnosis and find the etiologic factors of oral SCC are important. Saliva analysis can be used to discover various conditions because of its noninvasive methods. Copper as a useful metal has been used by men since ancient times. The level of copper increases when the cancerous changes occur in addition to biopsy, an alternative method for examining oral lesions is exfoliative cytology. The primary objective of this study was to determine the salivary copper level and cytomorphologic changes of oral mucosa among three study groups. Materials and Methods: This cross‑, sectional study included 15 individuals with oral SCC, 15 workers exposed to copper, and 15 healthy individuals. Saliva samples were collected and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The exfoliative smears were prepared by brush biopsy and stained by Papanicolaou and argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) staining methods. Data analysis using one‑, way ANOVA and Kruskal–, Wallis test. P < 0. 05 was considered significant. Results: There was a significant difference in mean salivary copper (P = 0. 008), cytomorphology of oral mucosa, and AgNOR among the three groups (P < 0. 001). Conclusion: The results suggested that occupational exposure to copper increases the salivary levels of this element and causes changes in mucosal cells. Since this increase was very high and evidence of nuclear activity was seen in this group and in oral SCC patients, exposure to copper should be considered an important risk factor for oral mucosal changes.

Introduction: Currently, developing new antibacterial drugs as alternative antibiotics is a very active area of research, due to widspreading widespread prevalence of resistant strains of microorganisms. This work intends to investigate of antibacterial properties and influence on immune blood cells of the silver-based compound hexamethylenetetramine (methenamine) silver nitrate with general formula [Ag (CH2) 6 N4] NO3.Materials and Methods: The antibacterial effect of the silver complex was investigated by agar diffusion and serial dilution methods. silver complex have been investigated for its impact on the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and on immune cells during the reaction of blast transformation of lymphocytes (RBTL).Results: Studies have shown that hexamethylenetetramine silver nitrate possesses both bactericidal and bacteriostatic dose-dependent effect on tested bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae. Escherichia coli were shown to be the most susceptible bacteria. Cytotoxic effect of silver salt on lymphocytes was detected in high dosage in RBTL. No significant immunosuppressive impact on neutrophils phagocytic activity of tested complex was shown.Conclusion: Agents of nosocomial infections were highly susceptible to the drug. Complex has proved to be promising as a prospective antibacterial drug with wide range of activity.

The solubility of silver nitrate in ethanol was determined at various temperatures. The growth kinetics of silver nitrate in ethanol were then determined using initial derivaties of temperature and desupersaturation in a mixed–batch crystallizer. For more accuracy, high order polynomials were fitted to the solubility, temperature and desupersaturation data. The conventional modes were therefore modified to allow for these high order relashionships.

Introduction. Methemoglobinemia is a condition characterized by increased quantities of hemoglobin in which the iron of heme is oxidized to the ferric(Fe3+) form. Methemoglobin is useless as an oxygen carrier and thus causes a varying degree of cyanosis. The condition may arise as a result of a genetic defect in red blood cell metabolism or hemoglobin structure, or it may be acquired following exposure to various axidant drugs or toxins. The most common cause of methemoglobinemia, as in this clinical case, is ingestion of or exposure of skin or mucous membranes to oxidizing agents (such as anesthetics and silver nitrate).Methods. In an experimental animal study, 30 rabbits with the same weight and sex are devided in two groups (A and B).-Vitamine C is administered to group B (200 mg/kg intraperitoneal). One houre after that, laparotomy was done. Then silver nitrate was injected intraperitoneal (1000 mg/kg) in both groups. Blood samples were examined 30 and 60 minutes after injection. Results. Methemoglobin before and after intervention in group A was 0.38±0.13, 1.63±0.02 (30 min) and 2.21±0.4 (60 min) percent respectively. Methemoglobin before and after intervention in group B was 0.39±0.13, 0.82 ± 0.19 (30 min) and 0.41 ± 0.1.7 (60 min) percent, respectively. Methemoglobin concentration was greater in group A in 30th and 60th minute after intervention (P<0.0l)Discussion. Ascorbic acid penetrate the erythrocyte membrane. Under physiological conditions ascorbic acid induced methemoglobin reduction is far less important than reduction by the NADH dependent methemoglobin reductase system. In methemoglobinemic conditions caused by toxic effects or by congenital methemoglobin reductase deficiency treatment with ascorbic acid is possible. However, critically increased methemoglobin content of the blood higher than 30% makes therapy with methylene blue necessary. So, vitamine C is recommended for methemoglobinemia therapy.